A multicultural society
According to IRCC, Canada's population of over 41 million reflects a cultural, ethnic and linguistic mix unique in the world. Canadian multiculturalism rests on the belief that all citizens are equal and that diversity makes the country stronger. About 20% of Canadians were born abroad; in Toronto it is over 45%.
The founding peoples
- Indigenous Peoples: First Nations, Inuit and Métis.
- French Canadians: Acadians, Quebecers and French-speaking communities across Canada.
- English Canadians: descendants of English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish people.
Since the 1970s, most immigrants have come from Asian countries.
Two official languages
English and French. Federal services are offered in both. According to the 2021 Census, 98.1% of Canadians speak English or French.
Law and rights
- The law applies to everyone, including police, government and officials.
- Laws protect basic rights and freedoms such as liberty and equality.
- Everyone is presumed innocent until proven guilty.
- Most disputes are settled outside court through mediation or arbitration.
- People on low incomes may get free legal help (legal aid) from their province.
Dealing with police
According to IRCC: stay calm, don't resist, speak clearly, be ready to show ID, ask why you're being arrested, and ask for a lawyer and an interpreter if needed. Never offer money or gifts for special treatment.
Everyday culture
- Be punctual, queue, respect personal space.
- Say "please", "thank you" and "sorry" often.
- Respect differences in gender, religion and sexual orientation.
Note IRCC's "Discover Canada" guide (used to study for the citizenship test) is a good way to learn Canada's history, values and institutions.
Services for newcomers
Culture shock